The DAFT: A Guide for Self-Employed Americans Moving to Europe

Why more freelancers and entrepreneurs are making the move — and why the Netherlands might be a practical entry point.

More Americans are rethinking what it means to build a career, especially as freelance, remote, and independent work become more common. For those exploring job opportunities abroad, the question is no longer just “Where can I find a job?” It’s also “Where could my self-employed career take me?”

Europe has long appealed to Americans for its cultural diversity, high quality of life, robust public infrastructure, and easy access to international travel. But while relocating abroad sounds appealing in theory, securing the legal right to live and work there can be more complicated in practice.

That's especially true for self-employed Americans moving to Europe, since many visa pathways are designed for traditional employees. Fortunately, there are legitimate options available, and this post shares one of the most accessible for freelancers, consultants, or business owners: the Dutch-American Friendship Treaty, or DAFT.

Why Europe Is on Every Self-Employed American's Radar Right Now

The office could be anywhere, so why not somewhere with better coffee and a train to Paris.

After the COVID-19 pandemic, remote work and freelancing became increasingly normalized in the U.S. economy. This has decoupled income from location for millions of Americans. For many independent workers, Europe stands out because of its strong quality-of-life indicators. According to the OECD Better Life Index, several European countries, including Finland, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Sweden, consistently rank among the highest for life satisfaction.

Beyond overall happiness, many of these destinations are known for accessible healthcare, strong public infrastructure, work-life balance, and social stability. Once established in an EU country, it becomes much easier to explore the continent's cultural diversity by train or plane. Major European cities also have growing American expat communities, helping ease the transition for newcomers and providing valuable support networks.

But Europe is not one country like the United States. Each nation has its own immigration system, and most visa pathways were not designed with freelancers, consultants, and business owners in mind. Entrepreneur visas can be expensive, require significant investment, or involve complex approval processes. That's exactly why the Dutch-American Friendship Treaty (DAFT) deserves more attention than it typically receives.

What Is the Dutch-American Friendship Treaty (DAFT)?

Often called DAFT, the Treaty allows eligible U.S. citizens to apply for Dutch residency as self-employed entrepreneurs. In practical terms, it gives you a pathway to live and work in the Netherlands on your own for two years, rather than needing sponsorship from a Dutch employer.

To qualify, you generally need to:

• Set up a Dutch business. This could be as a freelancer or through a business structure connected to existing U.S. 1099 work.
• Maintain the required capital investment. You must deposit €4,500 into a Dutch business bank account and keep it there for the duration of the permit period.
• Hold a valid U.S. passport. DAFT is specifically available to American citizens.
• Meet background requirements. You must not have a disqualifying criminal record in Europe.

One important limitation: DAFT is designed for self-employed work, not regular W-2 employment from the Netherlands. You can transition by renegotiating your role as an independent contractor, but that should be handled carefully with legal and tax guidance.

Requirements can change, so always verify current criteria with the Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) or a qualified immigration attorney before applying.

Your clients are online anyway, your zip code is negotiable.

Who is DAFT actually for?

DAFT has become an increasingly popular option for self-employed Americans moving to Europe who want to maintain control of their business while establishing residency abroad.

Freelancers, consultants, writers, marketers, software developers, designers, and other remote professionals are among the most common applicants. Creative professionals such as photographers, filmmakers, and artists may also find the Netherlands appealing, thanks to its strong creative economy and international outlook.

Established business owners can also qualify. Many Americans who operate an LLC or sole proprietorship in the United States use the treaty to maintain their existing business while creating a Dutch entity that allows them to reside legally in the country. It can even serve as a launching pad for entrepreneurs who want to build a new venture while living in Europe.

Important note: While the treaty can be an excellent fit for many independent professionals, it is not a universal solution. Understanding its limitations is just as important as understanding its benefits.

Who is it not ideal for?

The Dutch-American Friendship Treaty (DAFT) may not be the right fit in the following situations:

• You can only work as a W-2 employee. DAFT is designed for self-employed individuals and does not authorize regular employment with an employer.
• Your income is primarily passive. The program requires applicants to operate an active business that contributes to the Dutch economy rather than relying solely on investments or other passive income sources.
• You have a highly complex financial structure. Americans with trusts, extensive asset holdings, or other sophisticated financial arrangements should consult a cross-border tax specialist before pursuing residency through DAFT.

This doesn't necessarily mean relocation is impossible, but it may indicate that a different visa pathway or additional professional guidance would be more appropriate.

Discover how to become an expat in Europe

How to Apply for Dutch-American Friendship Treaty (DAFT) Visa: A Practical Overview

The paperwork is real but so is the payoff.

While the process is generally considered more straightforward than many European entrepreneur visa programs, there are still several administrative steps involved. Familiarize yourself with the DAFT requirements, costs, and application steps to help you plan ahead and make the transition significantly smoother.

1. Choose a business structure

Decide between ZZP and BV+30% ruling. The right option depends on factors such as income, tax planning, and long-term business goals. Zelfstandige zonder personeel (ZZP) refers to being self-employed as a freelancer. If you're considering a Besloten Vennootschap (BV) and want to explore eligibility for the Dutch 30% tax ruling, the company generally needs to be established before you relocate, making professional tax advice worthwhile.

2. Submit your application

Once you've determined your business structure, submit your application through the Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND). Some applicants choose to work with an immigration lawyer or advisor, but this is optional. After submission, the IND will typically issue a confirmation letter and a payment request within several weeks, allowing you to proceed to the next stages of the process.

3. Complete your registration & business setup

After arriving in the Netherlands, you'll need to finalize several administrative requirements. This includes securing a registered address, completing any required IND appointments, registering your business with the Dutch Chamber of Commerce (if applicable), opening a Dutch business bank account, and depositing the required €4,500 capital.

Once these steps are complete and your application is approved, you'll receive official confirmation of your residence permit and can begin operating your business.

Strongly recommended: Consider working with an immigration professional and a cross-border accountant. Expert guidance can help you navigate legal, tax, and administrative requirements more efficiently.

What DAFT Means for Your Travel and Stay in Europe

One of the lesser-known advantages of establishing residency in the Netherlands through DAFT is the ease of traveling throughout much of Europe. However, it's important to understand exactly what rights your visa does—and does not—provide.

As a Dutch resident, the time you spend in the country does not count toward the Schengen short-stay limit. However, visits to other Schengen countries (whether for business purposes or leisure) are generally subject to the standard 90-days-in-any-180-day-period rule. To track your available travel days and ensure compliance, use the European Commission's official Schengen short-stay calculator.

Your Dutch residency does not mean unrestricted EU work authorization. While you can live and operate your business in the Netherlands, the residence permit does not automatically grant the right to work or run a business in other European countries. Those activities remain subject to each country's immigration and employment laws.

Practical note: Always carry your Dutch residence permit when traveling within the Schengen Area. Although border controls are generally minimal between member countries, identity and residency checks can still occur.

The Netherlands: A Top Choice for Americans to Live & Work in Europe

A country where the bike lanes are better than most cities' public transit.

Beyond the visa itself, many Americans choose the Netherlands because daily life is relatively easy for English speakers to navigate. The country combines strong public infrastructure with an international business environment, making the transition less intimidating for newcomers.

English is widely spoken

Around 85% of Dutch people speak English, making the Netherlands among the world's most proficient non-native English-speaking countries. This means you can easily navigate day-to-day tasks, professional interactions, and even many government services. You can settle in conveniently while learning the local culture.

Efficient transportation

Getting around is remarkably straightforward, thanks to toll-free highways, extensive rail networks, reliable public transportation, and world-famous cycling infrastructure. The Netherlands is also home to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, one of Europe's major travel hubs, making international trips convenient.

Accessible healthcare

Once you receive a Dutch BSN number and register for health insurance, you'll have access to a well-regarded healthcare system. The good news about mandatory insurance? The coverage is comprehensive and helps keep medical costs predictable. It helps to familiarize yourself with how international health coverage works before moving, so you understand your options and responsibilities.

Safe & comfortable living environment

The country is widely regarded as a safe place to live, with low levels of violent crime and strong public institutions. Weapon possession is heavily regulated and uncommon, contributing to a generally secure environment. While petty theft can occur in busy urban areas, most residents enjoy a high sense of personal safety in their daily lives.

Strong education options

If you’re relocating with children, you will find a range of public, private, and international schools throughout the country. Higher education is relatively affordable, and many universities are highly respected internationally. Several academic programs in the Netherlands are offered in English and have straightforward admission processes (outside of highly competitive fields like medicine).

Honest tradeoff: But the Netherlands is not cheap either. If you are looking to live in a nice neighborhood in Amsterdam, you need to factor this into your financial planning.

International & inclusive communities

The Dutch have a long history of international trade and cultural exchange, which contributes to a generally open and globally minded society. You’ll find established international communities in cities such as Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht. When it comes to social acceptance, the Netherlands is one of the region’s most LGBTQ+-friendly countries, according to ILGA-Europe’s Rainbow Map.

Worthwhile read: Finding Your LGBTQI Community While Abroad

Frequently Asked Questions about DAFT Answered

Can my family join me on a DAFT visa?

Yes. Spouses and registered partners can accompany the main applicant under DAFT,

and often have broader employment rights. They can typically work in regular employment (W-2 equivalent) or pursue self-employment in the Netherlands.

Children under 18 can also be under your DAFT visa. But if they’re over 18, they need to obtain a separate visa.

Can a DAFT visa lead to citizenship?

After meeting certain requirements, you may be eligible to apply for either Permanent Residency or Dutch citizenship, or you can just continue staying in the Netherlands under your DAFT visa.

Permanent residency allows you to keep your US passport, eliminating any further visa requirements, but entails passing a Dutch language and culture test. Dutch citizenship, as a rule, requires you to relinquish your US passport but also allows you to work and reside throughout the entire EU.

Do I need to have the DAFT visa before I move to the Netherlands?

No. You get the DAFT visa after arriving in the Netherlands. You enter the country with a 90-day Schengen visa, then pick up your residence endorsement sticker after about 1-2 weeks. This sticker grants you all the DAFT rights straight off the bat, including the right to work as a self-employed person in the country and to travel to other European destinations.

Is there a business plan requirement for DAFT?

No, there is not. Unlike many entrepreneur visas in Europe, DAFT does not require you to submit a formal business plan for approval. However, you must establish and maintain an active business in the Netherlands, so it's still wise to have a clear strategy for generating income and meeting ongoing visa requirements.

Am I allowed to travel during the DAFT application process?

Generally, yes. Once you have the appropriate residence endorsement or proof of lawful stay, you can usually leave and re-enter the Netherlands while your DAFT application is being processed. Just make sure you keep your passport, IND documentation, and any residence endorsement with you when traveling, and verify your specific situation with the IND before making plans.

Embassy Information & Resources

The version of you that took the leap is doing just fine.

Could Europe Be Your Next Home?

Relocating abroad is a major decision, but for many independent professionals, it is more achievable than they realize. The rise of remote work and freelance careers has created opportunities that simply didn't exist a generation ago.

For self-employed Americans moving to Europe, the Dutch-American Friendship Treaty offers one of the clearest and most established pathways to legal residency. While the process involves paperwork, planning, and financial preparation, it can provide a practical route to building a life overseas without employer sponsorship.

Ultimately, the question isn't whether the move is possible. It's whether the lifestyle, responsibilities, and opportunities align with your personal and professional goals. If they do, the Netherlands may be worth a closer look.

This article is written in collaboration with Cardon & Company. Based in Amsterdam, they focus exclusively on foreign business in the Netherlands and specialize in business immigration. They cater exclusively to self-employed immigrants, including digital nomads, contractors, and freelancers. Cardon & Company offers visa application and tax optimization services under one banner.

Diederick J.A. Cardon, LL.M.

Founder

Diederick is an Amsterdam-based Dutch "jurist" with LLMs in corporate law and financial law. He has more than 12 years of experience in commercial contracting and business law. He speaks 5 languages and is deeply committed to keeping the world an open and connected place. He provides excellent, dedicated immigration guidance for any self-employed person looking to immigrate to the Netherlands.

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